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Just like Netflix. We’ve reinvented the Cable business model. Hulu both ad-supported and ad-free also getting price hikes. Wants to send more people to parks and merch. Old strat, new dist tech. The Verge : Disney Plus and Hulu are getting steep price hikes.

Club : Sure, Disney Plus will let you keep your current price—if you start watching ads. Not as large a loss when compared to revenue generated than some competitors. Combined, Disney Streaming has million subscribers, officially on par with Netflix — but alas this is not Apples to Apples for many reasons. V jealous of DukeSanford Duke students should appreciate their good fortune in getting her as their professor! All the kudos you’re seeing are well-earned. Best wishes on the next chapter, Chief.

Her work is vital. Though I am sad I won’t read her columns anymore. But lunch is on me at Cosmic in Durham next time I am there. But sad news for readers of the washingtonpost — as it was for the nytimes when Margaret stepped down as that paper’s incomparable public editor.

But even as a loyal reader of both papers, I wish her well! I know how much I learned just as a reader of her work at the Times and the Post. I’m sad for us as readers but happy for the Duke students and for Margaret. Karen K. Translation: She’s been a good liberal.

Also Newsroom Confidential is great and everyone should read. Sulliview is one of those writers. Here’s hoping she keeps at it, even at her new professional home.

Sulliview is more than a columnist or a public editor. She’s a North Star. These lucky students!! Not a conflict of interest, just a conflict. They have to remain part of their professional culture, and also view it from afar, as a voter might.

No one has ever handled this better than Sulliview. No one. The NYT started jumping the shark right after her departure. I want to read that mystery series! We need her. Sulliview’s my favorite active columnist by a lot. Irreplaceable and historically great at seeing things from 10, feet in the moment. Hope she still pops up from time to time with some wisdom in the paper. Sullivan has been a clarion voice, both at the Times and the Post.

Best wishes to Sulliview. The best of the best and I cannot wait to read her upcoming book! But more great work to come, I know. Sulliview has blazed this trail. Gratitude for what she has written, and done — and what she will keep writing and doing. Her sharp insights on journalism have shaped how I view the media landscape. It was a pleasure listening to her when she spoke to the ConversationUS a few ago.

Best of luck on your new chapter. You’ve been a force for good for a long time — as I’m sure you’ll continue to be. Can’t imagine a universe where sending my audience to Spotify might be financially beneficial for anyone except Daniel Ek and his investors. It also sells tickets through partners like Ticketmaster and Eventbrite through its Live Events page and artist pages. Both parties characterize the deal as a partnership, one aimed at growing the Reductress brand.

Sarah co-founded Reductress 9 years ago and has been overseeing it solo for the last two years and made it GROW. You know many of us. The org had issues. But we new members signed up knowing that the org is changing for the better. Hold us accountable – but give us a chance. Quarterly Ad Revenue Grows 7 Percent. The simplest DoS attack relies primarily on brute force, flooding the target with an overwhelming flux of packets, oversaturating its connection bandwidth, or depleting the target’s system resources.

Bandwidth-saturating floods rely on the attacker’s ability to generate the overwhelming flux of packets. A common way of achieving this today is via distributed denial-of-service, employing a botnet. An application layer DDoS attack is done mainly for specific targeted purposes, including disrupting transactions and access to databases.

It requires fewer resources than network layer attacks but often accompanies them. The attack on the application layer can disrupt services such as the retrieval of information or search functions on a website. Attackers in this scenario may tactically switch between several targets to create a diversion to evade defensive DDoS countermeasures but all the while eventually concentrating the main thrust of the attack onto a single victim.

In this scenario, attackers with continuous access to several very powerful network resources are capable of sustaining a prolonged campaign generating enormous levels of un-amplified DDoS traffic. Some vendors provide so-called “booter” or “stresser” services, which have simple web-based front ends, and accept payment over the web. Marketed and promoted as stress-testing tools, they can be used to perform unauthorized denial-of-service attacks, and allow technically unsophisticated attackers access to sophisticated attack tools.

In cases such as MyDoom and Slowloris the tools are embedded in malware and launch their attacks without the knowledge of the system owner. Stacheldraht is a classic example of a DDoS tool. It uses a layered structure where the attacker uses a client program to connect to handlers which are compromised systems that issue commands to the zombie agents which in turn facilitate the DDoS attack.

Agents are compromised via the handlers by the attacker using automated routines to exploit vulnerabilities in programs that accept remote connections running on the targeted remote hosts. Each handler can control up to a thousand agents. In other cases a machine may become part of a DDoS attack with the owner’s consent, for example, in Operation Payback organized by the group Anonymous. The Low Orbit Ion Cannon has typically been used in this way.

Along with High Orbit Ion Cannon a wide variety of DDoS tools are available today, including paid and free versions, with different features available. There is an underground market for these in hacker-related forums and IRC channels. Application-layer attacks employ DoS-causing exploits and can cause server-running software to fill the disk space or consume all available memory or CPU time. Attacks may use specific packet types or connection requests to saturate finite resources by, for example, occupying the maximum number of open connections or filling the victim’s disk space with logs.

An attacker with shell-level access to a victim’s computer may slow it until it is unusable or crash it by using a fork bomb. All attacks belonging to the category of timeout exploiting [42] Slow DoS Attacks implement an application-layer attack.

Examples of threats are Slowloris , establishing pending connections with the victim, or SlowDroid , an attack running on mobile devices. Another target of DDoS attacks may be to produce added costs for the application operator, when the latter uses resources based on cloud computing. In this case, normally application-used resources are tied to a needed quality of service QoS level e.

Amazon CloudWatch [43] to raise more virtual resources from the provider to meet the defined QoS levels for the increased requests. The main incentive behind such attacks may be to drive the application owner to raise the elasticity levels to handle the increased application traffic, to cause financial losses, or force them to become less competitive. A banana attack is another particular type of DoS.

It involves redirecting outgoing messages from the client back onto the client, preventing outside access, as well as flooding the client with the sent packets. A LAND attack is of this type. Pulsing zombies are compromised computers that are directed to launch intermittent and short-lived floodings of victim websites with the intent of merely slowing it rather than crashing it.

This type of attack, referred to as degradation-of-service , can be more difficult to detect and can disrupt and hamper connection to websites for prolonged periods of time, potentially causing more overall disruption than a denial-of-service attack.

If an attacker mounts an attack from a single host it would be classified as a DoS attack. Any attack against availability would be classed as a denial-of-service attack. On the other hand, if an attacker uses many systems to simultaneously launch attacks against a remote host, this would be classified as a DDoS attack. Its DoS mechanism was triggered on a specific date and time. This type of DDoS involved hardcoding the target IP address before releasing the malware and no further interaction was necessary to launch the attack.

A system may also be compromised with a trojan containing a zombie agent. Attackers can also break into systems using automated tools that exploit flaws in programs that listen for connections from remote hosts. This scenario primarily concerns systems acting as servers on the web.

It uses a layered structure where the attacker uses a client program to connect to handlers, which are compromised systems that issue commands to the zombie agents, which in turn facilitate the DDoS attack. Agents are compromised via the handlers by the attacker. These collections of compromised systems are known as botnets.

DDoS tools like Stacheldraht still use classic DoS attack methods centered on IP spoofing and amplification like smurf attacks and fraggle attacks types of bandwidth consumption attacks. SYN floods a resource starvation attack may also be used. Script kiddies use them to deny the availability of well known websites to legitimate users. It has been reported that there are new attacks from internet of things IoT devices that have been involved in denial of service attacks.

These flood attacks do not require completion of the TCP three-way handshake and attempt to exhaust the destination SYN queue or the server bandwidth. Because the source IP addresses can be trivially spoofed, an attack could come from a limited set of sources, or may even originate from a single host. Stack enhancements such as SYN cookies may be effective mitigation against SYN queue flooding but do not address bandwidth exhaustion.

The attackers tend to get into an extended extortion scheme once they recognize that the target is ready to pay. However, the attacker then proceeds to send the actual message body at an extremely slow rate e. Due to the entire message being correct and complete, the target server will attempt to obey the Content-Length field in the header, and wait for the entire body of the message to be transmitted, which can take a very long time.

The attacker establishes hundreds or even thousands of such connections until all resources for incoming connections on the victim server are exhausted, making any further connections impossible until all data has been sent.

HTTP slow POST attacks are difficult to differentiate from legitimate connections and are therefore able to bypass some protection systems. OWASP , an open source web application security project, released a tool to test the security of servers against this type of attack.

The Uniform Resource Identifiers URIs in the requests require complicated time-consuming algorithms or database operations which may exhaust the resources of the targeted web server. Consequently, this type of attack got the name CC attack.

A smurf attack relies on misconfigured network devices that allow packets to be sent to all computer hosts on a particular network via the broadcast address of the network, rather than a specific machine. The attacker will send large numbers of IP packets with the source address faked to appear to be the address of the victim.

Most devices on a network will, by default, respond to this by sending a reply to the source IP address. If the number of machines on the network that receive and respond to these packets is very large, the victim’s computer will be flooded with traffic.

This overloads the victim’s computer and can even make it unusable during such an attack. Ping flood is based on sending the victim an overwhelming number of ping packets, usually using the ping command from Unix-like hosts.

Ping of death is based on sending the victim a malformed ping packet, which will lead to a system crash on a vulnerable system.

A Nuke is an old-fashioned denial-of-service attack against computer networks consisting of fragmented or otherwise invalid ICMP packets sent to the target, achieved by using a modified ping utility to repeatedly send this corrupt data, thus slowing down the affected computer until it comes to a complete stop.

A specific example of a nuke attack that gained some prominence is the WinNuke , which exploited the vulnerability in the NetBIOS handler in Windows A string of out-of-band data was sent to TCP port of the victim’s machine, causing it to lock up and display a Blue Screen of Death. Attackers have found a way to exploit a number of bugs in peer-to-peer servers to initiate DDoS attacks.

With peer-to-peer there is no botnet and the attacker does not have to communicate with the clients it subverts. Instead, the attacker acts as a puppet master , instructing clients of large peer-to-peer file sharing hubs to disconnect from their peer-to-peer network and to connect to the victim’s website instead.

Permanent denial-of-service PDoS , also known loosely as phlashing, [66] is an attack that damages a system so badly that it requires replacement or reinstallation of hardware. The attacker uses these vulnerabilities to replace a device’s firmware with a modified, corrupt, or defective firmware image—a process which when done legitimately is known as flashing.

The intent is to brick the device, rendering it unusable for its original purpose until it can be repaired or replaced. The PDoS is a pure hardware targeted attack that can be much faster and requires fewer resources than using a botnet in a DDoS attack. Because of these features, and the potential and high probability of security exploits on network-enabled embedded devices, this technique has come to the attention of numerous hacking communities.

A distributed denial-of-service attack may involve sending forged requests of some type to a very large number of computers that will reply to the requests. Using Internet Protocol address spoofing , the source address is set to that of the targeted victim, which means all the replies will go to and flood the target.

ICMP echo request attacks Smurf attacks can be considered one form of reflected attack, as the flooding hosts send Echo Requests to the broadcast addresses of mis-configured networks, thereby enticing hosts to send Echo Reply packets to the victim. Some early DDoS programs implemented a distributed form of this attack. Amplification attacks are used to magnify the bandwidth that is sent to a victim.

Many services can be exploited to act as reflectors, some harder to block than others. The attacker tries to request as much information as possible, thus amplifying the DNS response that is sent to the targeted victim. Since the size of the request is significantly smaller than the response, the attacker is easily able to increase the amount of traffic directed at the target. An example of an amplified DDoS attack through the Network Time Protocol NTP is through a command called monlist , which sends the details of the last hosts that have requested the time from the NTP server back to the requester.

A small request to this time server can be sent using a spoofed source IP address of some victim, which results in a response This becomes amplified when using botnets that all send requests with the same spoofed IP source, which will result in a massive amount of data being sent back to the victim. It is very difficult to defend against these types of attacks because the response data is coming from legitimate servers.

These attack requests are also sent through UDP, which does not require a connection to the server. This means that the source IP is not verified when a request is received by the server. To bring awareness of these vulnerabilities, campaigns have been started that are dedicated to finding amplification vectors which have led to people fixing their resolvers or having the resolvers shut down completely.

This attack works by using a worm to infect hundreds of thousands of IoT devices across the internet. The worm propagates through networks and systems taking control of poorly protected IoT devices such as thermostats, Wi-Fi-enabled clocks, and washing machines. The IoT device itself is not the direct target of the attack, it is used as a part of a larger attack. RUDY attack targets web applications by starvation of available sessions on the web server.

Manipulating maximum segment size and selective acknowledgement SACK may be used by a remote peer to cause a denial of service by an integer overflow in the Linux kernel, causing even a Kernel panic.

The shrew attack is a denial-of-service attack on the Transmission Control Protocol where the attacker employs man-in-the-middle techniques. It uses short synchronized bursts of traffic to disrupt TCP connections on the same link, by exploiting a weakness in TCP’s re-transmission timeout mechanism.

A slow read attack sends legitimate application layer requests, but reads responses very slowly, thus trying to exhaust the server’s connection pool. It is achieved by advertising a very small number for the TCP Receive Window size, and at the same time emptying clients’ TCP receive buffer slowly, which causes a very low data flow rate.

A sophisticated low-bandwidth DDoS attack is a form of DoS that uses less traffic and increases their effectiveness by aiming at a weak point in the victim’s system design, i.

However, because the sender’s address is forged, the response never comes. These half-open connections saturate the number of available connections the server can make, keeping it from responding to legitimate requests until after the attack ends.

A teardrop attack involves sending mangled IP fragments with overlapping, oversized payloads to the target machine. Although in September , a vulnerability in Windows Vista was referred to as a “teardrop attack”, this targeted SMB2 which is a higher layer than the TCP packets that teardrop used. If the sum of the offset and size of one fragmented packet differs from that of the next fragmented packet, the packets overlap.

When this happens, a server vulnerable to teardrop attacks is unable to reassemble the packets – resulting in a denial-of-service condition. Voice over IP has made abusive origination of large numbers of telephone voice calls inexpensive and readily automated while permitting call origins to be misrepresented through caller ID spoofing. Telephony denial-of-service can exist even without Internet telephony.

In the New Hampshire Senate election phone jamming scandal , telemarketers were used to flood political opponents with spurious calls to jam phone banks on election day. TDoS differs from other telephone harassment such as prank calls and obscene phone calls by the number of calls originated; by occupying lines continuously with repeated automated calls, the victim is prevented from making or receiving both routine and emergency telephone calls.

Related exploits include SMS flooding attacks and black fax or fax loop transmission. It takes more router resources to drop a packet with a TTL value of 1 or less than it does to forward a packet with a higher TTL value. Generating many of these responses can overload the router’s CPU. This attack uses an existing vulnerability in Universal Plug and Play UPnP protocol to get around a considerable amount of the present defense methods and flood a target’s network and servers.

The attack is based on a DNS amplification technique, but the attack mechanism is a UPnP router that forwards requests from one outer source to another disregarding UPnP behavior rules. Using the UPnP router returns the data on an unexpected UDP port from a bogus IP address, making it harder to take simple action to shut down the traffic flood. According to the Imperva researchers, the most effective way to stop this attack is for companies to lock down UPnP routers.

Many devices, including some residential routers, have a vulnerability in the UPnP software that allows an attacker to get replies from port number to a destination address of their choice. With a botnet of thousands of devices, the attackers can generate sufficient packet rates and occupy bandwidth to saturate links, causing the denial of services.

ARP spoofing is a common DoS attack that involves a vulnerability in the ARP protocol that allows an attacker to associate their MAC address to the IP address of another computer or gateway like a router , causing traffic intended for the original authentic IP to be re-routed to that of the attacker, causing a denial of service. Defensive responses to denial-of-service attacks typically involve the use of a combination of attack detection, traffic classification and response tools, aiming to block traffic that they identify as illegitimate and allow traffic that they identify as legitimate.

DDoS attacks can overwhelm any type of hardware firewall, and passing malicious traffic through large and mature networks becomes more and more effective and economically sustainable against DDoS. Application front-end hardware is intelligent hardware placed on the network before traffic reaches the servers. It can be used on networks in conjunction with routers and switches.

Application front-end hardware analyzes data packets as they enter the system, and then identifies them as a priority, regular, or dangerous. There are more than 25 bandwidth management vendors. Approaches to DDoS attacks against cloud-based applications may be based on an application layer analysis, indicating whether incoming bulk traffic is legitimate and thus triggering elasticity decisions without the economical implications of a DDoS attack.

In essence, these techniques are statistical methods of assessing the behavior of incoming requests to detect if something unusual or abnormal is going on. An analogy is to a brick-and-mortar department store where customers spend, on average, a known percentage of their time on different activities such as picking up items and examining them, putting them back, filling a basket, waiting to pay, paying, and leaving.

These high-level activities correspond to the Key Completion Indicators in service or site, and once normal behavior is determined, abnormal behavior can be identified. If a mob of customers arrived in the store and spent all their time picking up items and putting them back, but never made any purchases, this could be flagged as unusual behavior.

The department store can attempt to adjust to periods of high activity by bringing in a reserve of employees at short notice. But if it did this routinely, were a mob to start showing up but never buying anything, this could ruin the store with the extra employee costs. Soon the store would identify the mob activity and scale back the number of employees, recognizing that the mob provides no profit and should not be served.

While this may make it more difficult for legitimate customers to get served during the mob’s presence, it saves the store from total ruin. In the case of elastic cloud services where a huge and abnormal additional workload may incur significant charges from the cloud service provider, this technique can be used to scale back or even stop the expansion of server availability to protect from economic loss.

With blackhole routing , all the traffic to the attacked DNS or IP address is sent to a “black hole” null interface or a non-existent server. To be more efficient and avoid affecting network connectivity, it can be managed by the ISP. Sinkholing is not efficient for most severe attacks.

Intrusion prevention systems IPS are effective if the attacks have signatures associated with them. However, the trend among the attacks is to have legitimate content but bad intent. Intrusion-prevention systems which work on content recognition cannot block behavior-based DoS attacks. An ASIC based IPS may detect and block denial-of-service attacks because they have the processing power and the granularity to analyze the attacks and act like a circuit breaker in an automated way.

DDS has a purpose-built system that can easily identify and obstruct denial of service attacks at a greater speed than a software that is based system. In the case of a simple attack, a firewall could have a simple rule added to deny all incoming traffic from the attackers, based on protocols, ports, or the originating IP addresses.

More complex attacks will however be hard to block with simple rules: for example, if there is an ongoing attack on port 80 web service , it is not possible to drop all incoming traffic on this port because doing so will prevent the server from serving legitimate traffic. Also, many security tools still do not support IPv6 or may not be configured properly, so the firewalls often might get bypassed during the attacks.

Similar to switches, routers have some rate-limiting and ACL capability. They, too, are manually set. Most routers can be easily overwhelmed under a DoS attack. Cisco IOS has optional features that can reduce the impact of flooding. Most switches have some rate-limiting and ACL capability. These schemes will work as long as the DoS attacks can be prevented by using them. Similarly, content-based DoS may be prevented using deep packet inspection. Attacks originating from dark addresses or going to dark addresses can be prevented using bogon filtering.

Automatic rate filtering can work as long as set rate thresholds have been set correctly. An unintentional denial-of-service can occur when a system ends up denied, not due to a deliberate attack by a single individual or group of individuals, but simply due to a sudden enormous spike in popularity.

This can happen when an extremely popular website posts a prominent link to a second, less well-prepared site, for example, as part of a news story. The result is that a significant proportion of the primary site’s regular users — potentially hundreds of thousands of people — click that link in the space of a few hours, having the same effect on the target website as a DDoS attack.

When Michael Jackson died in , websites such as Google and Twitter slowed down or even crashed. News sites and link sites — sites whose primary function is to provide links to interesting content elsewhere on the Internet — are most likely to cause this phenomenon.

The canonical example is the Slashdot effect when receiving traffic from Slashdot. It is also known as “the Reddit hug of death” and “the Digg effect”. Routers have also been known to create unintentional DoS attacks, as both D-Link and Netgear routers have overloaded NTP servers by flooding them without respecting the restrictions of client types or geographical limitations. Similar unintentional denial-of-service can also occur via other media, e.

If a server is being indexed by Google or another search engine during peak periods of activity, or does not have a lot of available bandwidth while being indexed, it can also experience the effects of a DoS attack. Legal action has been taken in at least one such case. As a result, the tube company ended up having to spend large amounts of money on upgrading its bandwidth. In March , after Malaysia Airlines Flight went missing, DigitalGlobe launched a crowdsourcing service on which users could help search for the missing jet in satellite images.

The response overwhelmed the company’s servers.

 
 

 

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